PFAS

PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a large group of chemicals prized for repelling water, grease and heat. They are nicknamed "forever chemicals" because the bonds that make them useful also make them extremely slow to break down, both in the environment and in the body, so they accumulate over years rather than clearing in days.

Where they turn up

In the home, the classic source is non-stick cookware (PTFE coatings), especially older or scratched pans where the coating is breaking down. PFAS are also used on stain- and water-resistant fabrics, some waterproof clothing, grease-resistant food packaging such as fast-food wrappers and microwave popcorn bags, and they can appear in drinking water in some areas.

What the evidence says

PFAS are among the most closely regulated of these chemicals. Human studies have linked higher levels with thyroid changes, raised cholesterol, altered immune response and effects on fertility and birth weight, and bodies including the US NIEHS and European regulators treat them as a serious concern. The EU is pursuing a broad restriction and the US has set drinking-water limits. Because they persist, the sensible strategy is to reduce the sources you can control rather than expecting quick changes in your own levels.

How to lower your exposure

• Replace scratched non-stick pans. Cast iron and stainless steel are durable, PFAS-free choices; if you keep non-stick, avoid high heat and metal utensils.
• Cut down on grease-resistant packaging, such as fast food and microwave popcorn, which are common food-contact sources.

Beyond that: choose "PFAS-free" or "PFOA-free" labelled products where available, be cautious with stain-repellent treatments on furniture and clothing, and, if you are in an area with known water contamination, a certified filter (activated carbon or reverse osmosis) can help.

Keep it in proportion

You cannot avoid PFAS completely, since they are widespread. But swapping worn non-stick pans and reducing grease-proof packaging removes two of the most direct household sources, and that is a reasonable, proportionate response.

Sources: US NIEHS, US Environmental Protection Agency, European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Written by M. Videika, The Hormone Blueprint. Educational only, not a substitute for medical advice.